The global distribution of household wealth.

 đŸ”´āφāĻŽāϰা āϝāĻĻি āωāĻĒāϰে āωāϞ্āϞিāĻ–িāϤ āĻŦিāώāϝ়েāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖাāĻ—ুāϞো āĻ…āϧ্āϝāϝ়āĻŖ āĻ•āϰি, āϤāĻŦেāχ āĻ•েāĻŦāϞ āφāĻŽāϰা āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻĒাāϰি āϝে āĻ•ীāĻ­াāĻŦে āϏাāĻŽ্āϰাāϜ্āϝāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻĒুঁāϜিāĻ•ে āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•্āϰিāϝ়া āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦিāϚ্āĻ›িāύ্āύ āĻ•āϰে āĻāĻŦং āĻĻিāύ āĻĻিāύ āĻļুāώ্āĻ• āĻšāϝ়ে āϝাāϝ় āĻĒুঁāϜিāϰ āϜোāĻ—াāύ -  āĻŦিāĻļেāώāϤ āωāĻĒāϰāϤāϞাāϰ ā§§ā§Ļ% āĻāϰ āĻšাāϤে ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻ—ুāĻŖ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āύীāϚেāϰ āϤāϞাāϰ ā§§ā§Ļ% āĻāϰ āĻšাāϤে āĻĨাāĻ•া āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϤুāϞāύাāϝ়। āφāϰāĻ“ āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āϟāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻ—েāϞে, āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ 13āϟি āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় 50% āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰে। āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ?! āĻŦাāĻĄ়িāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻŦাāĻĄ়ি, āĻ…āϞāĻ™্āĻ•াāϰ, āĻŦিāύোāĻĻāύেāϰ āĻ•েāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ - āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻ—āϞ্āĻĢ āĻ•োāϰ্āϏ, āϰিāϏāϰ্āϟ, āĻŽিāĻĄিāϝ়া āĻšাāωāϏ, āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāϜীāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āĻ•্āϰāϝ় āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āϟ্āϰাāϏ্āϟ āĻĢাāύ্āĻĄ, āĻ­āĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤেāϰ āĻŦিāύিāϝ়োāĻ—েāϰ āύাāĻŽে āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āφāĻŦিāώ্āĻ•াāϰেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ•্āϰāϝ় āĻ•āϰে āφāĻ•্āώāϰিāĻ• āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āĻŦাāĻ•্āϏāĻŦāύ্āĻĻী āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়ে āĻĨাāĻ•ে, āĻāĻŦং āĻāχāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻļাāϞ āĻĒুঁāϜি āĻŽৃāϤ āĻĒুঁāϜিāϤে āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻĒāĻĄ়েāĻ›ে। āϤাāϰāχ āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤি āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŦāϰ্āϧāĻŽাāύ āĻšাāϰে āĻ•āϰ্āĻŽāĻšীāύ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻĒāĻĄ়āĻ›ে, āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤি — āĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŦāϰ্āϧāĻŽাāύ āĻŦেāĻ•াāϰāϤ্āĻŦ, āĻŦুāĻ­ুāĻ•্āώা, āĻšাāĻšাāĻ•াāϰ ... ... ... 

🔴 If we go through the researches on Above-mentioned subject, then only we can realise how imperialism holdbacks the Capital from Market & let it's dried day by day — "Even more strikingly, the average person in the top 10% owns nearly 3,000 times the wealth of the average person in the bottom 10%." To be more precise only 13 families hold about 50% of assets of the world. The resultant?! The house hold assets like Home, Ornaments, centre for  Entertainment's — like golf course, resorts, media house, Various Trust Fund to Purchase Various Intellectuals, Patent  Rights in names of future investment & literally Boxed them, & thus huge Capital become Dead Capital. The result is the production suffering increasingly Joblessness, the result — increasing unemployment, hunger, misery ... ... ... 


🔴 āĻĻ্āϝ āĻ—্āϞোāĻŦাāϞ āĻĄিāϏ্āϟ্āϰিāĻŦিāωāĻļāύ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻšাāωāϏāĻšোāϞ্āĻĄ āĻ“āϝ়েāϞāĻĨ


āϜেāĻŽāϏ āĻŦি. āĻĄেāĻ­িāϏ, āϏুāϜাāύা āϏ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄāϏ্āϟ্āϰোāĻŽ, āĻ…্āϝাāύ্āϟāύি āĻāĻĢ. āĻļোāϰāĻ•āϏ , āĻāĻĄāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ্āĻĄ āĻāύ. āωāϞāĻĢ।


āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āϧāύী 10% āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤāĻŦāϝ়āϏ্āĻ•āϰা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ 85% āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•, āύীāϚেāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āϧেāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽিāϞিāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ 1% āĻāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•। āφāϰāĻ“ āφāĻļ্āϚāϰ্āϝāϜāύāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে, āĻļীāϰ্āώ 10%-āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻĄ় āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āύীāϚেāϰ 10%-āĻāϰ āĻ—āĻĄ় āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāϰ āϤুāϞāύাāϝ় āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় 3,000 āĻ—ুāĻŖ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•। āĻāĻ—ুāϞি āĻšāϞ āĻ•িāĻ›ু āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ āϝা āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ• āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāĻ•োāĻŖ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ UNUWIDER āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ—ৃāĻšীāϤ āĻĒাāϰিāĻŦাāϰিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦāύ্āϟāύেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖা āĻĨেāĻ•ে āωāĻĻ্āĻ­ূāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›ে। 


āφāĻŽāϰা āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ• āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĻেāĻļে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦāύ্āϟāύ āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰি। āĻĻৈāύāύ্āĻĻিāύ āĻ•āĻĨোāĻĒāĻ•āĻĨāύে 'āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ' āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟি āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ়āχ 'āϟাāĻ•া āφāϝ়' āĻāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻŦোāĻাāϝ়। āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āωāĻĒāϞāĻ•্āώ্āϝে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤিāĻŦিāĻĻāϰা āĻāχ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāϟিāĻ•ে āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ–্āϝা āĻ•āϰেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ে āϏংāϜ্āĻžাāϝ়িāϤ āĻ•āϰেāύ āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻ—ৃāĻšāϏ্āĻĨাāϞী āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ, āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻ“ āĻ…-āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āωāĻ­āϝ়েāϰāχ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ। āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āϧ্āϝāϝ়āύ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ে āύিāϟ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝেāϰ āĻĻীāϰ্āϘāϏ্āĻĨাāϝ়ী āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨ āĻŦāϰাāĻĻ্āĻĻ āĻ•āϰে: āĻļাāϰীāϰিāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻ‹āĻŖ। āĻāχ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে, āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒুঁāϜিāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•াāύাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧিāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ•āϰে। āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ, āϤāĻŦে āĻāϟি āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āϝে āĻāϟি āĻ—ৃāĻšāϏ্āĻĨাāϞিāϰ āϏুāϏ্āĻĨāϤা āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ• āϏাāĻĢāϞ্āϝেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ…āϏাāĻŽāĻž্āϜāϏ্āϝāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦ āĻĢেāϞে, āĻāĻŦং āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ• āωāύ্āύāϝ়āύ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ।


āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύ 38āϟি āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āωāĻĒāϞāĻŦ্āϧ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāϞেāύ্āϏ āĻļীāϟ āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āϜāϰিāĻĒ āĻĄেāϟাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে। āϏৌāĻ­াāĻ—্āϝāĻŦāĻļāϤ, āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϧāύী OECD āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āϤিāύāϟি āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āϜāύāĻŦāĻšুāϞ āωāύ্āύāϝ়āύāĻļীāϞ āĻĻেāĻļ, āϚীāύ, āĻ­াāϰāϤ āĻāĻŦং āχāύ্āĻĻোāύেāĻļিāϝ়া; āϏুāϤāϰাং āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āϜāύāϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ 56% āĻāĻŦং 80% āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāĻ•ে āĻ•āĻ­াāϰ āĻ•āϰে। āĻāχ āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻ•āĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āϝāϤ্āύ āϏāĻšāĻ•াāϰে āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ āĻĄেāϟা āĻ›াāĻĄ়াāχ āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ…āύুāϝোāĻ— āϤৈāϰি āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻŽāϤি āĻĻেāϝ়৷


āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύেāϰ āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύ 20āϟি āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāύ্āϟāύ āĻĄেāϟাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ­িāϤ্āϤি āĻ•āϰে। āĻāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝāĻ•্āώ āϤāĻĨ্āϝāĻŦিāĻšীāύ āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ, āφāϝ় āĻŦāĻŖ্āϟāύ āĻĄেāϟা (āϝেāĻ–াāύে āĻĒাāĻ“āϝ়া āϝাāϝ়) āĻĨেāĻ•ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϘāύāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻ…āύুāĻŽাāύ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ, āωāĻ­āϝ় āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻĄেāϟা āϏāĻš āĻĻেāĻļে āφāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ• āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে। āĻ…āĻŦāĻļিāώ্āϟ āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞি, āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āϜāύāϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ• āĻļāϤাংāĻļ āĻ•āĻ­াāϰ āĻ•āϰে, āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞ āĻāĻŦং āφāϝ় āĻļ্āϰেāĻŖীāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻ—āĻĄ় āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāύ্āϟāύ āĻĒ্āϝাāϟাāϰ্āύ āĻŦāϰাāĻĻ্āĻĻ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›িāϞ।


āĻĢোāϰ্āĻŦāϏ āĻŽ্āϝাāĻ—াāϜিāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āϏাংāĻŦাāĻĻিāĻ•āϤা āϏূāϤ্āϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϏāϰāĻŦāϰাāĻš āĻ•āϰা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŦিāϞিāϝ়āύেāϝ়াāϰ āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϧāύী āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϤাāϞিāĻ•াāϰ āĻ•োāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়āύি। āĻāχ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰা āφāύুāĻŽাāύিāĻ• āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝāĻ•ে āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āĻŦাāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āϤুāϞāĻŦে —āωāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ, āĻļীāϰ্āώ 1%-āĻāϰ āĻ•াāĻ›ে āĻĨাāĻ•া āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ•ে āĻ•āϝ়েāĻ• āĻļāϤাংāĻļ āĻĒāϝ়েāύ্āϟ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻ•āϰāĻŦে — āĻ•িāύ্āϤু āĻ…āύ্āϝāĻĨাāϝ় āφāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ—āϞ্āĻĒāϟি āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻŦে।


āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী, āĻ—ৃāĻšāϏ্āĻĨাāϞীāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦেāĻļি āϘāύীāĻ­ূāϤ āĻšāϝ়, āφāĻ•াāϰ āĻŦāύ্āϟāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻ­ৌāĻ—āϞিāĻ• āωāĻ­āϝ় āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰেāχ, āϝāĻ–āύ āĻĒিāĻĒিāĻĒি āĻŽূāϞ্āϝাāϝ়āύেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤে āĻ…āĻĢিāϏিāϝ়াāϞ āĻŦিāύিāĻŽāϝ় āĻšাāϰ āύিāϝুāĻ•্āϤ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ়। āĻāχāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāĻ­āĻ™্āĻ—ি āφāĻŦিāϰ্āĻ­ূāϤ āĻšāϝ় āϝে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤি āϏ্āĻĨাāύীāϝ় āĻ­োāĻ—েāϰ āĻŦিāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒ্āϰেāĻ•্āώিāϤে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāĻļ āĻ•āϰে āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āĻŽāĻž্āϚে āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦ āĻŦিāϏ্āϤাāϰ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āφāĻ—্āϰāĻšী āĻ•িāύা āϤাāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰে। āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦৃāĻšā§Ž āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻāĻŽāύ āϞোāĻ•āĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•াāύাāϧীāύ āϝাāϰা āϏāĻšāϜেāχ āĻ­্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻŦং āφāύ্āϤāϰ্āϜাāϤিāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦিāύিāϝ়োāĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āϤাāχ āφāϝ় āĻŦা āĻĻাāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ• āĻŦāύ্āϟāύ āĻĻেāĻ–াāϰ āϚেāϝ়ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ• āĻŦāύ্āϟāύ āĻ…āϧ্āϝāϝ়āύ āĻ•āϰাāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻ…āĻĢিāϏিāϝ়াāϞ āĻŦিāύিāĻŽāϝ় āĻšাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰা āφāϰāĻ“ āωāĻĒāϝুāĻ•্āϤ।


āĻĻেāĻļ āϜুāĻĄ়ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা


āϏāϰāĻ•াāϰী āĻŦিāύিāĻŽāϝ় āĻšাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻ•āϰে, 2000 āϏাāϞে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী āĻĒাāϰিāĻŦাāϰিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻ›িāϞ $125 āϟ্āϰিāϞিāϝ়āύ, āϝা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী āϜিāĻĄিāĻĒিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় āϤিāύāĻ—ুāĻŖ āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āύাāĻ—āϰিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϤি $20,500 āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽাāύ। āĻ•্āϰāϝ় āĻ•্āώāĻŽāϤা āϏāĻŽāϤা āĻĄāϞাāϰেāϰ āĻ•্āώেāϤ্āϰে, āϏংāĻļ্āϞিāώ্āϟ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āĻ›িāϞ āĻŽাāĻĨাāĻĒিāĻ›ু āĻĒিāĻĒিāĻĒি $26,000, āĻŽোāϟাāĻŽুāϟি āĻĒোāϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ āĻŦা āϤুāϰāϏ্āĻ•েāϰ āĻ—āĻĄ় āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽাāύ।


āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŽাāύāϚিāϤ্āϰে āϚিāϤ্āϰিāϤ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে (āϚিāϤ্āϰ 1), āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻেāĻļে āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āϧāύী āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে, āĻŽাāϰ্āĻ•িāύ āϝুāĻ•্āϤāϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰে āĻ—āĻĄ় āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ›িāϞ $144,000 āϜāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻāĻŦং āϜাāĻĒাāύে $181,000। āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āφāĻ›ে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āύিāĻŽ্āύে āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে āĻ­াāϰāϤ, āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāĻĨাāĻĒিāĻ›ু āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ $1,100, āĻāĻŦং āχāύ্āĻĻোāύেāĻļিāϝ়া āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāĻĨাāĻĒিāĻ›ু $1,400। āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•ি āωāϚ্āϚ-āφāϝ়েāϰ OECD āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāχ āĻĒāϰিāϏāϰে āύিāωāϜিāϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ $37,000, āĻĄেāύāĻŽাāϰ্āĻ•েāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ $70,000 āĻāĻŦং āϝুāĻ•্āϤāϰাāϜ্āϝেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ $127,000 āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে। 


āωāύ্āύāϝ়āύāĻļীāϞ āĻ…āĻž্āϚāϞেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ, āϜāύāϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ•ে āĻ›াāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে, āϝা āĻĢāϞāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ āϧāύী āĻ—োāώ্āĻ ীāϰ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ•ে āĻ›াāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। āφāĻŽি


āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āϧāύী 10%-āĻ āϝেāĻ•োāύো āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āϜাāϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧিāϤ্āĻŦ āϤিāύāϟি āĻ•াāϰāĻŖেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰে: āϜāύāϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āφāĻ•াāϰ, āĻ—āĻĄ় āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝ। āϝে āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞি āĻļীāϰ্āώ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ 1% āĻāϰāĻ“ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•্āώāϝ়āĻ•্āώāϤি āĻ•āϰে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞি āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦāϰং āĻāĻ•āϚেāϟিāϝ়া āĻ—োāώ্āĻ ীāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ। āĻĒāϰিāϏংāĻ–্āϝাāύ 5 āĻāĻŦং 6 āĻĻেāĻ–াāϝ় āϝে āχāωāĻāϏāĻ āĻ—্āϞোāĻŦাāϞ āϟāĻĒ āĻĄেāϏিāϞেāϰ 25% āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĒাāϰ্āϏেāύ্āϟাāχāϞেāϰ 37% āύিāϝ়ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨাāύে āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে। āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĄেāϏিāϞেāϰ 20% āĻāĻŦং āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĒাāϰ্āϏেāύ্āϟাāχāϞেāϰ 27% āϏāĻš āϜাāĻĒাāύ āĻĻৃāĻĸ়āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় āϏ্āĻĨাāύে āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে।


āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ•ে āĻ›াāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে, āϝা āĻĢāϞāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ āϧāύী āĻ—োāώ্āĻ ীāϰ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝāĻĻেāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļāĻ•ে āĻ›াāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻ—েāĻ›ে। āφāĻŽি


āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻŦāϚেāϝ়ে āϧāύী 10%-āĻ āϝেāĻ•োāύো āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āϜাāϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧিāϤ্āĻŦ āϤিāύāϟি āĻ•াāϰāĻŖেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰে: āϜāύāϏংāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āφāĻ•াāϰ, āĻ—āĻĄ় āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝ। āϝে āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞি āĻļীāϰ্āώ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ 1% āĻāϰāĻ“ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ•্āώāϝ়āĻ•্āώāϤি āĻ•āϰে āϏেāĻ—ুāϞি āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻŦāϰং āĻāĻ•āϚেāϟিāϝ়া āĻ—োāώ্āĻ ীāϰ āĻ…āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻ­ুāĻ•্āϤ। āĻĒāϰিāϏংāĻ–্āϝাāύ 5 āĻāĻŦং 6 āĻĻেāĻ–াāϝ় āϝে āχāωāĻāϏāĻ āĻ—্āϞোāĻŦাāϞ āϟāĻĒ āĻĄেāϏিāϞেāϰ 25% āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĒাāϰ্āϏেāύ্āϟাāχāϞেāϰ 37% āύিāϝ়ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨাāύে āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে। āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĄেāϏিāϞেāϰ 20% āĻāĻŦং āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĒাāϰ্āϏেāύ্āϟাāχāϞেāϰ 27% āϏāĻš āϜাāĻĒাāύ āĻĻৃāĻĸ়āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় āϏ্āĻĨাāύে āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে।


āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ—āĻ āύে āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ 


āĻŦাāϜাāϰেāϰ āĻ•াāĻ াāĻŽো, āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦং āϏংāϏ্āĻ•ৃāϤিāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āφāϚāϰāĻŖেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ­াāĻŦেāϰ āĻĢāϞে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻšোāϞ্āĻĄিংāϝ়েāϰ āĻ—āĻ āύে āĻĻেāĻļ āϜুāĻĄ়ে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāϞāĻ•্āώিāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āϚিāϤ্āϰ 7 āĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļিāϤ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে, āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•ৃāϤ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ, āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻ•āϰে āϜāĻŽি āĻāĻŦং āĻ•ৃāώি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ, āϏ্āĻŦāϞ্āĻĒোāύ্āύāϤ āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ। āĻāϟি āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻ•ৃāώিāϰ āĻŦৃāĻšāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāχ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĢāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϰে āύা, āĻ…āĻĒāϰিāĻĒāĻ•্āĻŦ āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•েāĻ“ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĢāϞিāϤ āĻ•āϰে।


āĻŽাāϞিāĻ•াāύাāϧীāύ āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•াāϰāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ“ āĻŦিāĻ­িāύ্āύ āĻĻেāĻļ āϜুāĻĄ়ে āφāĻ•āϰ্āώāĻŖীāϝ় āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ•্āϝ āĻĻেāĻ–াāϝ়। āϏāĻž্āϚāϝ় āĻ…্āϝাāĻ•াāωāύ্āϟ, āĻļেāϝ়াāϰ āĻāĻŦং āχāĻ•্āϝুāχāϟি āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻ­াāĻ™্āĻ—āύ āĻĻেāĻ–াāϝ় āϝে āϏāĻž্āϚāϝ় āĻ…্āϝাāĻ•াāωāύ্āϟāĻ—ুāϞি āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύāĻļীāϞ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤিāϤে āĻāĻŦং āĻ•িāĻ›ু āϧāύী āĻāĻļিāϝ়াāϰ āĻĻেāĻļে āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞীāĻ­াāĻŦে āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āϟ্āϝāϝুāĻ•্āϤ, āϝāĻ–āύ āĻļেāϝ়াāϰ-āĻšোāϞ্āĻĄিং āĻāĻŦং āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāĻ—ুāϞি āĻĒāĻļ্āϚিāĻŽেāϰ āϧāύী āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āφāϰāĻ“ āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āϟ। . āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ–্āϝাāϰ āĻ…ংāĻļ āĻšāϞ āϟ্āϰাāύāϜিāĻļāύ āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āĻĻুāϰ্āĻŦāϞāĻ­াāĻŦে āωāύ্āύāϤ āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āĻŦাāϜাāϰ, āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāĻļিāϝ়াāύ āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āϏāĻž্āϚāϝ় āĻ…্āϝাāĻ•াāωāύ্āϟāĻ—ুāϞি āĻĒāĻ›āύ্āĻĻ āĻ•āϰা āĻšāϝ় āĻ•াāϰāĻŖ āϏেāĻ–াāύে āϤাāϰāϞ্āϝেāϰ āϜāύ্āϝ āĻāĻ•āϟি āĻļāĻ•্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻ…āĻ—্āϰাāϧিāĻ•াāϰ āĻāĻŦং āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āĻŦাāϜাāϰে āφāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ…āĻ­াāĻŦ āĻŦāϞে āĻŽāύে āĻšāϝ় ।


āĻ…āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāĻ—ুāϞি āϝুāĻ•্āϤāϰাāϜ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāϰ্āĻ•িāύ āϝুāĻ•্āϤāϰাāώ্āϟ্āϰেāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦিāĻļিāώ্āϟ āϝেāĻ—ুāϞিāϰ āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āĻ–াāϤāĻ—ুāϞি āĻ­াāϞāĻ­াāĻŦে āωāύ্āύāϤ āĻāĻŦং āϝা āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—āϤ āĻĒেāύāĻļāύেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻ–ুāĻŦ āĻŦেāĻļি āύিāϰ্āĻ­āϰ āĻ•āϰে৷


āĻ…āĻŦāĻļেāώে, āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ্āĻ­āĻŦāϤ āφāĻļ্āϚāϰ্āϝāϜāύāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে, āĻĻāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āĻĒাāϰিāĻŦাāϰিāĻ• āĻ‹āĻŖ āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ—ুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻšীāύ। āϝāĻĻিāĻ“ āĻĻāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ…āύেāĻ• āĻĻāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ āĻŽাāύুāώ āĻ‹āĻŖāĻ—্āϰāϏ্āϤ, āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ‹āĻŖ āĻŽোāϟে āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻ•āĻ­াāĻŦে āĻ•āĻŽ। āĻāϟি āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāϤ āφāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ• āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āĻ…āύুāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāϰ āĻ•াāϰāĻŖে āϝা āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰāĻ—ুāϞিāĻ•ে āĻŦāĻĄ় āĻŦāύ্āϧāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āĻ­োāĻ•্āϤা āĻ‹āĻŖ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰāϤে āĻĻেāϝ়, āϝেāĻŽāύāϟি āϧāύী āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āĻ•্āϰāĻŽāĻŦāϰ্āϧāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি। āωāϚ্āϚ-āφāϝ়েāϰ āĻĻেāĻļāĻ—ুāϞিāϤে āĻ…āύেāĻ• āϞোāĻ•েāϰ āύেāϤিāĻŦাāϚāĻ• āύেāϟ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে āĻāĻŦং - āĻ•িāĻ›ুāϟা āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤāĻ­াāĻŦে - āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ• āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻĻāϰিāĻĻ্āϰāϤāĻŽ āĻŽাāύুāώāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰāϝ়েāĻ›ে৷


āϜেāĻŽāϏ āĻĄেāĻ­িāϏ āĻ“āϝ়েāϏ্āϟাāϰ্āύ āĻ…āύ্āϟাāϰিāĻ“ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞāϝ়েāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤি āĻŦিāĻ­াāĻ—েāϰ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āφāϰāĻŦিāϏি āĻĢাāχāύ্āϝাāύ্āϏিāϝ়াāϞ āĻ—্āϰুāĻĒ āĻĢেāϞো। āϤিāύি āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী āĻĻৃāώ্āϟিāĻ•োāĻŖ āĻĨেāĻ•ে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ•্āϤিāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ WIDER āĻĒ্āϰāĻ•āϞ্āĻĒেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞāĻ•।


āϏুāϜাāύা āϏ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄāϏ্āϟ্āϰোāĻŽ WIDER- āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ—āĻŦেāώāĻŖা āϏāĻšāϝোāĻ—ী। āϤিāύি āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে āϞুāĻ•্āϏেāĻŽāĻŦাāϰ্āĻ— āχāύāĻ•াāĻŽ āϏ্āϟাāĻĄি āĻ…্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ āϏ্āϟ্āϝাāϟিāϏ্āϟিāĻ•্āϏ āĻĢিāύāϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄে āĻ…āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻ•āϰেāĻ›েāύ।


āĻ…্āϝাāύ্āĻĨāύি āĻļোāϰāĻ•āϏ WIDER-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰিāϚাāϞāĻ• āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āφāĻ—ে LSE āĻāĻŦং āĻāϏেāĻ•্āϏ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞāϝ়ে āĻĒāĻĻে āĻ…āϧিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻ›েāύ।


āĻāĻĄāĻ“āϝ়াāϰ্āĻĄ āωāϞāĻĢ āύিāω āχāϝ়āϰ্āĻ• āχāωāύিāĻ­াāϰ্āϏিāϟিāϰ āĻ…āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤিāϰ āĻ…āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ•, āϏিāύিāϝ়āϰ āϏ্āĻ•āϞাāϰ, āϞেāĻ­ি āχāĻ•োāύāĻŽিāĻ•্āϏ āχāύāϏ্āϟিāϟিāωāϟ āĻ…āĻĢ āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĄ āĻ•āϞেāϜ āĻāĻŦং āϰিāϏাāϰ্āϚ āĻ…্āϝাāϏোāϏিāϝ়েāϟ, āύ্āϝাāĻļāύাāϞ āĻŦ্āϝুāϰো āĻ…āĻĢ āχāĻ•োāύāĻŽিāĻ• āϰিāϏাāϰ্āϚ।


The global distribution of household wealth.


by James B. Davies, Susanna SandstrÃļm, Anthony F. Shorrocks, Edward N. Wolff


While the richest 10% of adults in the world own 85% of global household wealth, the bottom half collectively owns barely 1%. Even more strikingly, the average person in the top 10% owns nearly 3,000 times the wealth of the average person in the bottom 10%. These are some of the results that emerge from a study of the distribution of household wealth undertaken for the UNUWIDER project on Personal Assets from a Global Perspective. 


We estimate the level and distribution of wealth across all countries in the world using a comprehensive concept of household wealth. In everyday conversation the term ‘wealth’ often signifies little more than ‘money income’. On other occasions economists interpret the term broadly and define wealth to be the value of all household resources, both human and non-human. Our study assigns wealth its longestablished meaning of net worth: the value of physical and financial assets less debts. In this respect, wealth represents the ownership of capital. Although capital is only one part of personal resources, it is widely believed to have a disproportionate impact on household wellbeing and economic success, and more broadly on economic development and growth.


Our estimates of wealth levels are based on household balance sheets and wealth survey data which are available for 38 countries. Fortunately, these include many of the rich OECD countries as well as the three most populous developing countries, China, India and Indonesia; so the data cover 56% of the world’s population and 80% of household wealth. Careful analysis of the determinants of wealth levels in these countries allows imputations to be made for countries without data.


Our estimates of wealth distribution are based on household asset distribution data for 20 countries. For countries without this type of direct information, the degree of wealth concentration was estimated from income distribution data (where available), using the relationship observed between income and wealth inequality in countries with both kinds of data. The remaining countries, covering only a few percent of world population, were assigned the average wealth distribution pattern for their region and income class.


No use was made of lists of the world’s billionaires, or of the wealthiest individuals and families within various countries, provided by Forbes magazine and other journalistic sources. Incorporating such evidence would boost estimated global wealth inequality somewhat —increasing the share of world wealth held by the top 1% by a couple of percentage points, for example — but would otherwise alter our story little.


Globally, household wealth is more concentrated, both in size distribution and geographically, when official exchange rates are employed rather than PPP valuations. Thus a somewhat different perspective emerges depending on whether one is interested in the power that wealth conveys in terms of local consumption options or the power to have influence on the world financial stage. Since a large share of global wealth is owned by people who can readily travel and invest internationally, it is more appropriate to use official exchange rates when studying the global distribution of wealth than when looking at the global distribution of income or poverty.


Wealth levels across countries


Using official exchange rates, global household wealth in the year 2000 amounted to $125 trillion, equivalent to roughly three times global GDP or to $20,500 per citizen of the world. In terms of purchasing power parity dollars, the corresponding world value was PPP$26,000 per capita, roughly the same as the average level in Poland or Turkey.


As illustrated in the world map (Figure 1), wealth levels vary widely across nations. Among the richest countries, mean wealth was $144,000 per person in the USA and $181,000 in Japan. Lower down among countries with wealth data are India, with per capita assets of $1,100, and Indonesia with $1,400 per capita. Even within the group of high-income OECD nations the range includes $37,000 for New Zealand, $70,000 for Denmark and $127,000 for the UK.​ 


The regional pattern of asset holdings shows wealth to be heavily concentrated in North America, Europe, and high income AsiaPacific countries which together account for almost 90% of global wealth (Figure 2). Although North America has only 6% of the world adult population, it accounts for 34% of household assets. Europe and high income Asia-Pacific countries also own disproportionate amounts of wealth. In contrast, the overall share of wealth owned by people in Africa, China, India, and other lower income countries in Asia is considerably less than their population share, sometimes by a factor of more than ten (Figure 3).


Comparing per capita wealth and per capita GDP across countries shows that wealth is distributed even more unequally than income. High income countries tend have a higher share of world wealth than of world GDP because their wealth to income ratios are above the world average. The reverse is true of middle and low income nations. 


Wealth to income ratios are especially high in the UK, Italy, and rich Asian nations. Lower than expected values are recorded for eastern European countries like the Czech Republic and Poland, along with the Nordic countries and South Africa. Eastern European countries are a heterogeneous group with many different features. In this region, private wealth is on the rise, but has still not reached very high levels. Assets like private pensions and life insurance are held by relatively few households. In the Nordic countries, the social security system provides generous public pensions that may depress wealth accumulation. South Africa is rich in resources and has well-developed financial institutions; but the fact that the country has a large low-income population and exhibits some of the characteristics of less-developed countries, may account for the low wealth-income ratio.


Global wealth inequality


Estimation of the world distribution of wealth requires information to be combined on wealth differences between countries and within countries. The concentration of wealth within countries varies significantly, but is generally high. The share of the top decile ranges from around 40% in China to 70% and beyond in the United States and certain other countries. Typical Gini coefficients for wealth lie in the range 0.65-0.75, and some are above 0.8. In contrast, the mid-range of income Ginis is 0.35 to 0.45. Interestingly, two high wealth economies, Japan and the USA, exhibit very different patterns of wealth distribution, with Japan recording a wealth Gini of 0.55 while that of the USA is around 0.80.​


Wealth inequality for the world as a whole is higher still. Expressed in terms of the adult population of the world, we estimate that net assets of $2,160 per adult in the year 2000 was sufficient to place a household in the top half of the world wealth distribution. At least $61,000 per adult was needed to belong to the richest 10% of households, while membership of the top 1% required a little over $500,000 per adult. The latter figure indicates that a family need only be moderately wealthy in Western terms to be among the top percentile of world wealth-holders.


Our results show that the top wealth decile owned 85% of global wealth in the year 2000. The richest 2% of adults in the world held more than half global wealth, and the richest 1% of adults alone accounted for 40% of all household assets. In contrast, the bottom half of the world adult population owned barely 1% of global wealth. The Gini value for global wealth is estimated to be 89%; the same Gini value would be obtained if $100 shared amongst 100 people in such a way that one person receives $90 and the remaining 99 get 10 cents each.


North America, Europe, and rich Asia-Pacific monopolize the top wealth decile


Given the high concentration of wealth in North America, Europe, and rich Asia-Pacific countries, it is not surprising to discover that almost all of the world’s richest individuals live in these countries. The breakdown of the global wealth distribution in Figure 4 shows that each of the regional groupings contribute about one third of the members of the world’s wealthiest decile. China occupies much of the the middle third of the global wealth distribution while India, Africa and low-income Asian countries dominate the bottom third. As shown in Figure 3, for all developing regions of the world, the share of population exceeds the share of global wealth, which in turn exceeds the share of members of the wealthiest groups. ​


The representation of any given nation in the world’s richest 10% depends on three factors: the size of the population, average wealth, and wealth inequality within the country. Countries that account for more than 1% of the top wealth decile comprise a rather exclusive group. Figures 5 and 6 show that the USA is in first place with 25% of the members of the global top decile and 37% of the top percentile. Japan features strongly in second place with 20% of the top decile and 27% of the top percentile.​


Differences in wealth composition 


Major differences are observed across countries in the composition of asset holdings, a result of different influences on household behaviour, such as market structure, regulation and culture. As indicated in Figure 7, real assets, particularly land and farm assets, are more important in less developed countries. This reflects not only the greater importance of agriculture, but also immature financial institutions.


The types of financial assets that are owned also show striking differences across countries. A breakdown between savings accounts, shares and equities, and other financial assets, shows that savings accounts feature strongly in transition economies and in some rich Asian countries, while share-holdings and other types of financial assets are more evident in rich countries in the West. Part of the explanation is poorly developed financial markets in transition countries, while savings accounts are favoured in Asian countries because there appears to be a strong preference for liquidity and a lack of confidence in financial markets.​


Other types of financial assets are more prominent in countries like the UK and USA which have well developed financial sectors and which rely heavily on private pensions.


Finally, and perhaps surprisingly, household debt is relatively unimportant in poor countries. While many poor people in poor countries are in debt, their debts are relatively small in total. This is mainly due to the absence of financial institutions that allow households to incur large mortgage and consumer debts, as is increasingly the situation in rich countries. Many people in high-income countries have negative net worth and—somewhat paradoxically—are among the poorest people in the world in terms of household wealth.


James Davies is a Professor, and the RBC Financial Group Fellow, in the Department of Economics at the University of Western Ontario. He is the Director of the WIDER project on Personal Assets from a Global Perspective.


Susanna SandstrÃļm is a Research Associate at WIDER. She has previously held positions at the Luxemburg Income Study and Statistics Finland.


Anthony Shorrocks is the Director of WIDER and has previously held positions at the LSE and University of Essex.


Edward Wolff is Professor of Economics, New York University, Senior Scholar, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, and Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research.

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