The global distribution of household wealth.
đ´āĻāĻŽāϰা āϝāĻĻি āĻāĻĒāϰে āĻāϞ্āϞিāĻিāϤ āĻŦিāώāϝ়েāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻāĻŦেāώāĻŖাāĻুāϞো āĻ āϧ্āϝāϝ়āĻŖ āĻāϰি, āϤāĻŦেāĻ āĻেāĻŦāϞ āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻŦুāĻāϤে āĻĒাāϰি āϝে āĻীāĻাāĻŦে āϏাāĻŽ্āϰাāĻ্āϝāĻŦাāĻĻ āĻĒুঁāĻিāĻে āĻā§āĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻ্āϰিāϝ়া āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦিāĻ্āĻিāύ্āύ āĻāϰে āĻāĻŦং āĻĻিāύ āĻĻিāύ āĻļুāώ্āĻ āĻšāϝ়ে āϝাāϝ় āĻĒুঁāĻিāϰ āĻোāĻাāύ - āĻŦিāĻļেāώāϤ āĻāĻĒāϰāϤāϞাāϰ ā§§ā§Ļ% āĻāϰ āĻšাāϤে ā§Šā§Ļā§Ļā§Ļ āĻুāĻŖ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āύীāĻেāϰ āϤāϞাāϰ ā§§ā§Ļ% āĻāϰ āĻšাāϤে āĻĨাāĻা āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϤুāϞāύাāϝ়। āĻāϰāĻ āϏুāύিāϰ্āĻĻিāώ্āĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻŦāϞāϤে āĻেāϞে, āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ 13āĻি āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় 50% āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āϧাāϰāĻŖ āĻāϰে। āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ?! āĻŦাāĻĄ়িāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻŦাāĻĄ়ি, āĻ āϞāĻ্āĻাāϰ, āĻŦিāύোāĻĻāύেāϰ āĻেāύ্āĻĻ্āϰ - āϝেāĻŽāύ āĻāϞ্āĻĢ āĻোāϰ্āϏ, āϰিāϏāϰ্āĻ, āĻŽিāĻĄিāϝ়া āĻšাāĻāϏ, āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻŦুāĻĻ্āϧিāĻীāĻŦীāĻĻেāϰ āĻ্āϰāϝ় āĻāϰাāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻ্āϰাāϏ্āĻ āĻĢাāύ্āĻĄ, āĻāĻŦিāώ্āϝāϤেāϰ āĻŦিāύিāϝ়োāĻেāϰ āύাāĻŽে āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻāĻŦিāώ্āĻাāϰেāϰ āϏ্āĻŦāϤ্āĻŦ āĻ্āϰāϝ় āĻāϰে āĻāĻ্āώāϰিāĻ āĻ āϰ্āĻĨে āϏেāĻুāϞিāĻে āĻŦাāĻ্āϏāĻŦāύ্āĻĻী āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ়ে āĻĨাāĻে, āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻļাāϞ āĻĒুঁāĻি āĻŽৃāϤ āĻĒুঁāĻিāϤে āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻĒāĻĄ়েāĻে। āϤাāϰāĻ āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤি āĻā§āĻĒাāĻĻāύ āĻ্āϰāĻŽāĻŦāϰ্āϧāĻŽাāύ āĻšাāϰে āĻāϰ্āĻŽāĻšীāύ āĻšāϝ়ে āĻĒāĻĄ়āĻে, āĻĒāϰিāĻŖāϤি — āĻ্āϰāĻŽāĻŦāϰ্āϧāĻŽাāύ āĻŦেāĻাāϰāϤ্āĻŦ, āĻŦুāĻুāĻ্āώা, āĻšাāĻšাāĻাāϰ ... ... ...
đ´ If we go through the researches on Above-mentioned subject, then only we can realise how imperialism holdbacks the Capital from Market & let it's dried day by day — "Even more strikingly, the average person in the top 10% owns nearly 3,000 times the wealth of the average person in the bottom 10%." To be more precise only 13 families hold about 50% of assets of the world. The resultant?! The house hold assets like Home, Ornaments, centre for Entertainment's — like golf course, resorts, media house, Various Trust Fund to Purchase Various Intellectuals, Patent Rights in names of future investment & literally Boxed them, & thus huge Capital become Dead Capital. The result is the production suffering increasingly Joblessness, the result — increasing unemployment, hunger, misery ... ... ...
đ´ āĻĻ্āϝ āĻ্āϞোāĻŦাāϞ āĻĄিāϏ্āĻ্āϰিāĻŦিāĻāĻļāύ āĻ āĻĢ āĻšাāĻāϏāĻšোāϞ্āĻĄ āĻāϝ়েāϞāĻĨ
āĻেāĻŽāϏ āĻŦি. āĻĄেāĻিāϏ, āϏুāĻাāύা āϏ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄāϏ্āĻ্āϰোāĻŽ, āĻ ্āϝাāύ্āĻāύি āĻāĻĢ. āĻļোāϰāĻāϏ , āĻāĻĄāĻāϝ়াāϰ্āĻĄ āĻāύ. āĻāϞāĻĢ।
āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻেāϝ়ে āϧāύী 10% āĻĒ্āϰাāĻĒ্āϤāĻŦāϝ়āϏ্āĻāϰা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ 85% āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻ, āύীāĻেāϰ āĻ āϰ্āϧেāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻŽিāϞিāϤāĻাāĻŦে āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ 1% āĻāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻ। āĻāϰāĻ āĻāĻļ্āĻāϰ্āϝāĻāύāĻāĻাāĻŦে, āĻļীāϰ্āώ 10%-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĄ় āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি āύীāĻেāϰ 10%-āĻāϰ āĻāĻĄ় āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিāϰ āϤুāϞāύাāϝ় āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় 3,000 āĻুāĻŖ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻ। āĻāĻুāϞি āĻšāϞ āĻিāĻু āĻĢāϞাāĻĢāϞ āϝা āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ āĻĻৃāώ্āĻিāĻোāĻŖ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিāĻāϤ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ UNUWIDER āĻĒ্āϰāĻāϞ্āĻĒেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻৃāĻšীāϤ āĻĒাāϰিāĻŦাāϰিāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦāύ্āĻāύেāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻāĻŦেāώāĻŖা āĻĨেāĻে āĻāĻĻ্āĻূāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻে।
āĻāĻŽāϰা āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ āϧাāϰāĻŖা āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻĻেāĻļে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϏ্āϤāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦāύ্āĻāύ āĻ āύুāĻŽাāύ āĻāϰি। āĻĻৈāύāύ্āĻĻিāύ āĻāĻĨোāĻĒāĻāĻĨāύে 'āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ' āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻি āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ়āĻ 'āĻাāĻা āĻāϝ়' āĻāϰ āĻেāϝ়ে āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻŦোāĻাāϝ়। āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻ্āώ্āϝে āĻ āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤিāĻŦিāĻĻāϰা āĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦ্āĻĻāĻিāĻে āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤāĻাāĻŦে āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ্āϝা āĻāϰেāύ āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāĻে āϏংāĻ্āĻাāϝ়িāϤ āĻāϰেāύ āϝে āϏāĻŽāϏ্āϤ āĻৃāĻšāϏ্āĻĨাāϞী āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ, āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻ āĻ -āĻŽাāύāĻŦ āĻāĻāϝ়েāϰāĻ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ। āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ āϧ্āϝāϝ়āύ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāĻে āύিāĻ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝেāϰ āĻĻীāϰ্āĻāϏ্āĻĨাāϝ়ী āĻ āϰ্āĻĨ āĻŦāϰাāĻĻ্āĻĻ āĻāϰে: āĻļাāϰীāϰিāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻŖ। āĻāĻ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে, āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒুঁāĻিāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻাāύাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧিāϤ্āĻŦ āĻāϰে। āϝāĻĻিāĻ āĻŽূāϞāϧāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিāĻāϤ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻ ংāĻļ, āϤāĻŦে āĻāĻি āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦাāϏ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ় āϝে āĻāĻি āĻৃāĻšāϏ্āĻĨাāϞিāϰ āϏুāϏ্āĻĨāϤা āĻāĻŦং āĻ āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ āϏাāĻĢāϞ্āϝেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻ āϏাāĻŽāĻ্āĻāϏ্āϝāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻŦ āĻĢেāϞে, āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰāĻ āĻŦিāϏ্āϤৃāϤāĻাāĻŦে āĻ āϰ্āĻĨāύৈāϤিāĻ āĻāύ্āύāϝ়āύ āĻāĻŦং āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧিāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ।
āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰাāϰ āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ āύুāĻŽাāύ 38āĻি āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦ্āϧ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻŦ্āϝাāϞেāύ্āϏ āĻļীāĻ āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāϰিāĻĒ āĻĄেāĻাāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻিāϤ্āϤি āĻāϰে। āϏৌāĻাāĻ্āϝāĻŦāĻļāϤ, āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰāϝ়েāĻে āĻ āύেāĻ āϧāύী OECD āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻĒাāĻļাāĻĒাāĻļি āϤিāύāĻি āϏāĻŦāĻেāϝ়ে āĻāύāĻŦāĻšুāϞ āĻāύ্āύāϝ়āύāĻļীāϞ āĻĻেāĻļ, āĻীāύ, āĻাāϰāϤ āĻāĻŦং āĻāύ্āĻĻোāύেāĻļিāϝ়া; āϏুāϤāϰাং āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻāύāϏংāĻ্āϝাāϰ 56% āĻāĻŦং 80% āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāĻে āĻāĻাāϰ āĻāϰে। āĻāĻ āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϤে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āύিāϰ্āϧাāϰāĻāĻুāϞিāϰ āϝāϤ্āύ āϏāĻšāĻাāϰে āĻŦিāĻļ্āϞেāώāĻŖ āĻĄেāĻা āĻাāĻĄ়াāĻ āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻ āύুāϝোāĻ āϤৈāϰি āĻāϰাāϰ āĻ āύুāĻŽāϤি āĻĻেāϝ়৷
āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŖ্āĻāύেāϰ āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ āύুāĻŽাāύ 20āĻি āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāύ্āĻāύ āĻĄেāĻাāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻিāϤ্āϤি āĻāϰে। āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤ্āϝāĻ্āώ āϤāĻĨ্āϝāĻŦিāĻšীāύ āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ, āĻāϝ় āĻŦāĻŖ্āĻāύ āĻĄেāĻা (āϝেāĻাāύে āĻĒাāĻāϝ়া āϝাāϝ়) āĻĨেāĻে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻāύāϤ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻ āύুāĻŽাāύ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻিāϞ, āĻāĻāϝ় āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻĄেāĻা āϏāĻš āĻĻেāĻļে āĻāϝ় āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāϰ্āĻ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰে। āĻ āĻŦāĻļিāώ্āĻ āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞি, āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻāύāϏংāĻ্āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻāϝ়েāĻ āĻļāϤাংāĻļ āĻāĻাāϰ āĻāϰে, āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻ āĻ্āĻāϞ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϝ় āĻļ্āϰেāĻŖীāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻĄ় āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāύ্āĻāύ āĻĒ্āϝাāĻাāϰ্āύ āĻŦāϰাāĻĻ্āĻĻ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ়েāĻিāϞ।
āĻĢোāϰ্āĻŦāϏ āĻŽ্āϝাāĻাāĻিāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āϏাংāĻŦাāĻĻিāĻāϤা āϏূāϤ্āϰ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āϏāϰāĻŦāϰাāĻš āĻāϰা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŦিāϞিāϝ়āύেāϝ়াāϰ āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āϧāύী āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি āĻāĻŦং āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϤাāϞিāĻাāϰ āĻোāύ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ়āύি। āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻŽাāĻŖāĻুāϞিāĻে āĻ āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻুāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰা āĻāύুāĻŽাāύিāĻ āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝāĻে āĻিāĻুāĻা āĻŦাāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āϤুāϞāĻŦে —āĻāĻĻাāĻšāϰāĻŖāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ, āĻļীāϰ্āώ 1%-āĻāϰ āĻাāĻে āĻĨাāĻা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ ংāĻļāĻে āĻāϝ়েāĻ āĻļāϤাংāĻļ āĻĒāϝ়েāύ্āĻ āĻĻ্āĻŦাāϰা āĻŦৃāĻĻ্āϧি āĻāϰāĻŦে — āĻিāύ্āϤু āĻ āύ্āϝāĻĨাāϝ় āĻāĻŽাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāϞ্āĻĒāĻি āϏাāĻŽাāύ্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύ āĻāϰāĻŦে।
āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী, āĻৃāĻšāϏ্āĻĨাāϞীāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻāύীāĻূāϤ āĻšāϝ়, āĻāĻাāϰ āĻŦāύ্āĻāύ āĻāĻŦং āĻৌāĻāϞিāĻ āĻāĻāϝ় āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰেāĻ, āϝāĻāύ āĻĒিāĻĒিāĻĒি āĻŽূāϞ্āϝাāϝ়āύেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤে āĻ āĻĢিāϏিāϝ়াāϞ āĻŦিāύিāĻŽāϝ় āĻšাāϰ āύিāϝুāĻ্āϤ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ়। āĻāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻāĻāĻি āĻিāĻুāĻা āĻিāύ্āύ āĻĻৃāώ্āĻিāĻāĻ্āĻি āĻāĻŦিāϰ্āĻূāϤ āĻšāϝ় āϝে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤি āϏ্āĻĨাāύীāϝ় āĻোāĻেāϰ āĻŦিāĻāϞ্āĻĒāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒ্āϰেāĻ্āώিāϤে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻļ āĻāϰে āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āĻŽāĻ্āĻে āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻŦ āĻŦিāϏ্āϤাāϰ āĻāϰাāϰ āĻ্āώāĻŽāϤাāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻāĻ্āϰāĻšী āĻিāύা āϤাāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻāϰ āĻāϰে। āϝেāĻšেāϤু āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦৃāĻšā§ āĻ ংāĻļ āĻāĻŽāύ āϞোāĻāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϞিāĻাāύাāϧীāύ āϝাāϰা āϏāĻšāĻেāĻ āĻ্āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻŦং āĻāύ্āϤāϰ্āĻাāϤিāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻŦিāύিāϝ়োāĻ āĻāϰāϤে āĻĒাāϰে, āϤাāĻ āĻāϝ় āĻŦা āĻĻাāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ্āϝেāϰ āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ āĻŦāύ্āĻāύ āĻĻেāĻাāϰ āĻেāϝ়ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৈāĻļ্āĻŦিāĻ āĻŦāύ্āĻāύ āĻ āϧ্āϝāϝ়āύ āĻāϰাāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝ় āĻ āĻĢিāϏিāϝ়াāϞ āĻŦিāύিāĻŽāϝ় āĻšাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰা āĻāϰāĻ āĻāĻĒāϝুāĻ্āϤ।
āĻĻেāĻļ āĻুāĻĄ়ে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা
āϏāϰāĻাāϰী āĻŦিāύিāĻŽāϝ় āĻšাāϰ āĻŦ্āϝāĻŦāĻšাāϰ āĻāϰে, 2000 āϏাāϞে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী āĻĒাāϰিāĻŦাāϰিāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻŽাāĻŖ āĻিāϞ $125 āĻ্āϰিāϞিāϝ়āύ, āϝা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী āĻিāĻĄিāĻĒিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰাāϝ় āϤিāύāĻুāĻŖ āĻŦা āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āύাāĻāϰিāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি $20,500 āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽাāύ। āĻ্āϰāϝ় āĻ্āώāĻŽāϤা āϏāĻŽāϤা āĻĄāϞাāϰেāϰ āĻ্āώেāϤ্āϰে, āϏংāĻļ্āϞিāώ্āĻ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āĻিāϞ āĻŽাāĻĨাāĻĒিāĻু āĻĒিāĻĒিāĻĒি $26,000, āĻŽোāĻাāĻŽুāĻি āĻĒোāϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ āĻŦা āϤুāϰāϏ্āĻেāϰ āĻāĻĄ় āϏ্āϤāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽাāύ।
āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻŽাāύāĻিāϤ্āϰে āĻিāϤ্āϰিāϤ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে (āĻিāϤ্āϰ 1), āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽাāϤ্āϰা āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĻেāĻļে āĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤিāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āϧāύী āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে, āĻŽাāϰ্āĻিāύ āϝুāĻ্āϤāϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰে āĻāĻĄ় āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻিāϞ $144,000 āĻāύ āĻĒ্āϰāϤি āĻāĻŦং āĻাāĻĒাāύে $181,000। āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āϤāĻĨ্āϝ āĻāĻে āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āύিāĻŽ্āύে āϰāϝ়েāĻে āĻাāϰāϤ, āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāĻĨাāĻĒিāĻু āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ $1,100, āĻāĻŦং āĻāύ্āĻĻোāύেāĻļিāϝ়া āϝাāϰ āĻŽাāĻĨাāĻĒিāĻু $1,400। āĻāĻŽāύāĻি āĻāĻ্āĻ-āĻāϝ়েāϰ OECD āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāĻ āĻĒāϰিāϏāϰে āύিāĻāĻিāϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ $37,000, āĻĄেāύāĻŽাāϰ্āĻেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ $70,000 āĻāĻŦং āϝুāĻ্āϤāϰাāĻ্āϝেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ $127,000 āĻ āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻুāĻ্āϤ āϰāϝ়েāĻে।
āĻāύ্āύāϝ়āύāĻļীāϞ āĻ āĻ্āĻāϞেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ, āĻāύāϏংāĻ্āϝাāϰ āĻ ংāĻļ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ ংāĻļāĻে āĻাāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻেāĻে, āϝা āĻĢāϞāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ āϧāύী āĻোāώ্āĻ ীāϰ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝāĻĻেāϰ āĻ ংāĻļāĻে āĻাāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻেāĻে। āĻāĻŽি
āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻেāϝ়ে āϧāύী 10%-āĻ āϝেāĻোāύো āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āĻাāϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧিāϤ্āĻŦ āϤিāύāĻি āĻাāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻāϰ āĻāϰে: āĻāύāϏংāĻ্āϝাāϰ āĻāĻাāϰ, āĻāĻĄ় āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝ। āϝে āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞি āĻļীāϰ্āώ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ 1% āĻāϰāĻ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ্āώāϝ়āĻ্āώāϤি āĻāϰে āϏেāĻুāϞি āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāϰং āĻāĻāĻেāĻিāϝ়া āĻোāώ্āĻ ীāϰ āĻ āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻুāĻ্āϤ। āĻĒāϰিāϏংāĻ্āϝাāύ 5 āĻāĻŦং 6 āĻĻেāĻাāϝ় āϝে āĻāĻāĻāϏāĻ āĻ্āϞোāĻŦাāϞ āĻāĻĒ āĻĄেāϏিāϞেāϰ 25% āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĒাāϰ্āϏেāύ্āĻাāĻāϞেāϰ 37% āύিāϝ়ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨাāύে āϰāϝ়েāĻে। āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĄেāϏিāϞেāϰ 20% āĻāĻŦং āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĒাāϰ্āϏেāύ্āĻাāĻāϞেāϰ 27% āϏāĻš āĻাāĻĒাāύ āĻĻৃāĻĸ়āĻাāĻŦে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় āϏ্āĻĨাāύে āϰāϝ়েāĻে।
āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻ ংāĻļāĻে āĻাāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻেāĻে, āϝা āĻĢāϞāϏ্āĻŦāϰূāĻĒ āϧāύী āĻোāώ্āĻ ীāϰ āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝāĻĻেāϰ āĻ ংāĻļāĻে āĻাāĻĄ়িāϝ়ে āĻেāĻে। āĻāĻŽি
āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āϏāĻŦāĻেāϝ়ে āϧāύী 10%-āĻ āϝেāĻোāύো āĻĒ্āϰāĻĻāϤ্āϤ āĻাāϤিāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāύিāϧিāϤ্āĻŦ āϤিāύāĻি āĻাāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āύিāϰ্āĻāϰ āĻāϰে: āĻāύāϏংāĻ্āϝাāϰ āĻāĻাāϰ, āĻāĻĄ় āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŦৈāώāĻŽ্āϝ। āϝে āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞি āĻļীāϰ্āώ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ 1% āĻāϰāĻ āĻŦেāĻļি āĻ্āώāϝ়āĻ্āώāϤি āĻāϰে āϏেāĻুāϞি āĻāĻāĻি āĻŦāϰং āĻāĻāĻেāĻিāϝ়া āĻোāώ্āĻ ীāϰ āĻ āύ্āϤāϰ্āĻুāĻ্āϤ। āĻĒāϰিāϏংāĻ্āϝাāύ 5 āĻāĻŦং 6 āĻĻেāĻাāϝ় āϝে āĻāĻāĻāϏāĻ āĻ্āϞোāĻŦাāϞ āĻāĻĒ āĻĄেāϏিāϞেāϰ 25% āϏāĻĻāϏ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĒাāϰ্āϏেāύ্āĻাāĻāϞেāϰ 37% āύিāϝ়ে āĻĒ্āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āϏ্āĻĨাāύে āϰāϝ়েāĻে। āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĄেāϏিāϞেāϰ 20% āĻāĻŦং āĻļীāϰ্āώ āĻĒাāϰ্āϏেāύ্āĻাāĻāϞেāϰ 27% āϏāĻš āĻাāĻĒাāύ āĻĻৃāĻĸ়āĻাāĻŦে āĻĻ্āĻŦিāϤীāϝ় āϏ্āĻĨাāύে āϰāϝ়েāĻে।
āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻ āύে āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ্āϝ
āĻŦাāĻাāϰেāϰ āĻাāĻ াāĻŽো, āύিāϝ়āύ্āϤ্āϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦং āϏংāϏ্āĻৃāϤিāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āĻāĻāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāĻŦেāϰ āĻĢāϞে āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻšোāϞ্āĻĄিংāϝ়েāϰ āĻāĻ āύে āĻĻেāĻļ āĻুāĻĄ়ে āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύ āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ্āϝ āĻĒāϰিāϞāĻ্āώিāϤ āĻšāϝ়। āĻিāϤ্āϰ 7 āĻ āύিāϰ্āĻĻেāĻļিāϤ āĻšিāϏাāĻŦে, āĻĒ্āϰāĻৃāϤ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ, āĻŦিāĻļেāώ āĻāϰে āĻāĻŽি āĻāĻŦং āĻৃāώি āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻ, āϏ্āĻŦāϞ্āĻĒোāύ্āύāϤ āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϤে āĻāϰāĻ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻĒূāϰ্āĻŖ। āĻāĻি āĻļুāϧুāĻŽাāϤ্āϰ āĻৃāώিāϰ āĻŦৃāĻšāϤ্āϤāϰ āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĢāϞিāϤ āĻāϰে āύা, āĻ āĻĒāϰিāĻĒāĻ্āĻŦ āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύāĻুāϞিāĻেāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāĻĢāϞিāϤ āĻāϰে।
āĻŽাāϞিāĻাāύাāϧীāύ āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻĒ্āϰāĻাāϰāĻুāϞিāĻ āĻŦিāĻিāύ্āύ āĻĻেāĻļ āĻুāĻĄ়ে āĻāĻāϰ্āώāĻŖীāϝ় āĻĒাāϰ্āĻĨāĻ্āϝ āĻĻেāĻাāϝ়। āϏāĻ্āĻāϝ় āĻ ্āϝাāĻাāĻāύ্āĻ, āĻļেāϝ়াāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻāĻ্āϝুāĻāĻি āĻāĻŦং āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āĻāĻāĻি āĻাāĻ্āĻāύ āĻĻেāĻাāϝ় āϝে āϏāĻ্āĻāϝ় āĻ ্āϝাāĻাāĻāύ্āĻāĻুāϞি āĻĒāϰিāĻŦāϰ্āϤāύāĻļীāϞ āĻ āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤিāϤে āĻāĻŦং āĻিāĻু āϧāύী āĻāĻļিāϝ়াāϰ āĻĻেāĻļে āĻļāĻ্āϤিāĻļাāϞীāĻাāĻŦে āĻŦৈāĻļিāώ্āĻ্āϝāϝুāĻ্āϤ, āϝāĻāύ āĻļেāϝ়াāϰ-āĻšোāϞ্āĻĄিং āĻāĻŦং āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āϧāϰāύেāϰ āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāĻুāϞি āĻĒāĻļ্āĻিāĻŽেāϰ āϧāύী āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϤে āĻāϰāĻ āϏ্āĻĒāώ্āĻ। . āĻŦ্āϝাāĻ্āϝাāϰ āĻ ংāĻļ āĻšāϞ āĻ্āϰাāύāĻিāĻļāύ āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϤে āĻĻুāϰ্āĻŦāϞāĻাāĻŦে āĻāύ্āύāϤ āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āĻŦাāĻাāϰ, āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻļিāϝ়াāύ āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϤে āϏāĻ্āĻāϝ় āĻ ্āϝাāĻাāĻāύ্āĻāĻুāϞি āĻĒāĻāύ্āĻĻ āĻāϰা āĻšāϝ় āĻাāϰāĻŖ āϏেāĻাāύে āϤাāϰāϞ্āϝেāϰ āĻāύ্āϝ āĻāĻāĻি āĻļāĻ্āϤিāĻļাāϞী āĻ āĻ্āϰাāϧিāĻাāϰ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āĻŦাāĻাāϰে āĻāϏ্āĻĨাāϰ āĻ āĻাāĻŦ āĻŦāϞে āĻŽāύে āĻšāϝ় ।
āĻ āύ্āϝাāύ্āϝ āϧāϰāĻŖেāϰ āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻāĻুāϞি āϝুāĻ্āϤāϰাāĻ্āϝ āĻāĻŦং āĻŽাāϰ্āĻিāύ āϝুāĻ্āϤāϰাāώ্āĻ্āϰেāϰ āĻŽāϤো āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϤে āĻāϰāĻ āĻŦিāĻļিāώ্āĻ āϝেāĻুāϞিāϰ āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āĻাāϤāĻুāϞি āĻাāϞāĻাāĻŦে āĻāύ্āύāϤ āĻāĻŦং āϝা āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিāĻāϤ āĻĒেāύāĻļāύেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻুāĻŦ āĻŦেāĻļি āύিāϰ্āĻāϰ āĻāϰে৷
āĻ āĻŦāĻļেāώে, āĻāĻŦং āϏāĻŽ্āĻāĻŦāϤ āĻāĻļ্āĻāϰ্āϝāĻāύāĻāĻাāĻŦে, āĻĻāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϤে āĻĒাāϰিāĻŦাāϰিāĻ āĻāĻŖ āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻুāϰুāϤ্āĻŦāĻšীāύ। āϝāĻĻিāĻ āĻĻāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ āĻĻেāĻļেāϰ āĻ āύেāĻ āĻĻāϰিāĻĻ্āϰ āĻŽাāύুāώ āĻāĻŖāĻ্āϰāϏ্āϤ, āϤাāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻŖ āĻŽোāĻে āϤুāϞāύাāĻŽূāϞāĻāĻাāĻŦে āĻāĻŽ। āĻāĻি āĻĒ্āϰāϧাāύāϤ āĻāϰ্āĻĨিāĻ āĻĒ্āϰāϤিāώ্āĻ াāύেāϰ āĻ āύুāĻĒāϏ্āĻĨিāϤিāϰ āĻাāϰāĻŖে āϝা āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰāĻুāϞিāĻে āĻŦāĻĄ় āĻŦāύ্āϧāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻোāĻ্āϤা āĻāĻŖ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻāϰāϤে āĻĻেāϝ়, āϝেāĻŽāύāĻি āϧāύী āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϤে āĻ্āϰāĻŽāĻŦāϰ্āϧāĻŽাāύ āĻĒāϰিāϏ্āĻĨিāϤি। āĻāĻ্āĻ-āĻāϝ়েāϰ āĻĻেāĻļāĻুāϞিāϤে āĻ āύেāĻ āϞোāĻেāϰ āύেāϤিāĻŦাāĻāĻ āύেāĻ āĻŽূāϞ্āϝ āϰāϝ়েāĻে āĻāĻŦং - āĻিāĻুāĻা āĻŦিāĻĒāϰীāϤāĻাāĻŦে - āĻĒāϰিāĻŦাāϰেāϰ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻĻিāĻ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦেāϰ āĻĻāϰিāĻĻ্āϰāϤāĻŽ āĻŽাāύুāώāĻĻেāϰ āĻŽāϧ্āϝে āϰāϝ়েāĻে৷
āĻেāĻŽāϏ āĻĄেāĻিāϏ āĻāϝ়েāϏ্āĻাāϰ্āύ āĻ āύ্āĻাāϰিāĻ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞāϝ়েāϰ āĻ āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤি āĻŦিāĻাāĻেāϰ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻ āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰāĻŦিāϏি āĻĢাāĻāύ্āϝাāύ্āϏিāϝ়াāϞ āĻ্āϰুāĻĒ āĻĢেāϞো। āϤিāύি āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦ্āϝাāĻĒী āĻĻৃāώ্āĻিāĻোāĻŖ āĻĨেāĻে āĻŦ্āϝāĻ্āϤিāĻāϤ āϏāĻŽ্āĻĒāĻĻেāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ WIDER āĻĒ্āϰāĻāϞ্āĻĒেāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻাāϞāĻ।
āϏুāĻাāύা āϏ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄāϏ্āĻ্āϰোāĻŽ WIDER- āĻāϰ āĻāĻāĻāύ āĻāĻŦেāώāĻŖা āϏāĻšāϝোāĻী। āϤিāύি āĻāϰ āĻāĻে āϞুāĻ্āϏেāĻŽāĻŦাāϰ্āĻ āĻāύāĻাāĻŽ āϏ্āĻাāĻĄি āĻ ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄ āϏ্āĻ্āϝাāĻিāϏ্āĻিāĻ্āϏ āĻĢিāύāϞ্āϝাāύ্āĻĄে āĻ āĻŦāϏ্āĻĨাāύ āĻāϰেāĻেāύ।
āĻ ্āϝাāύ্āĻĨāύি āĻļোāϰāĻāϏ WIDER-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰিāĻাāϞāĻ āĻāĻŦং āĻāϰ āĻāĻে LSE āĻāĻŦং āĻāϏেāĻ্āϏ āĻŦিāĻļ্āĻŦāĻŦিāĻĻ্āϝাāϞāϝ়ে āĻĒāĻĻে āĻ āϧিāώ্āĻ িāϤ āĻšāϝ়েāĻেāύ।
āĻāĻĄāĻāϝ়াāϰ্āĻĄ āĻāϞāĻĢ āύিāĻ āĻāϝ়āϰ্āĻ āĻāĻāύিāĻাāϰ্āϏিāĻিāϰ āĻ āϰ্āĻĨāύীāϤিāϰ āĻ āϧ্āϝাāĻĒāĻ, āϏিāύিāϝ়āϰ āϏ্āĻāϞাāϰ, āϞেāĻি āĻāĻোāύāĻŽিāĻ্āϏ āĻāύāϏ্āĻিāĻিāĻāĻ āĻ āĻĢ āĻŦাāϰ্āĻĄ āĻāϞেāĻ āĻāĻŦং āϰিāϏাāϰ্āĻ āĻ ্āϝাāϏোāϏিāϝ়েāĻ, āύ্āϝাāĻļāύাāϞ āĻŦ্āϝুāϰো āĻ āĻĢ āĻāĻোāύāĻŽিāĻ āϰিāϏাāϰ্āĻ।
The global distribution of household wealth.
by James B. Davies, Susanna SandstrÃļm, Anthony F. Shorrocks, Edward N. Wolff
While the richest 10% of adults in the world own 85% of global household wealth, the bottom half collectively owns barely 1%. Even more strikingly, the average person in the top 10% owns nearly 3,000 times the wealth of the average person in the bottom 10%. These are some of the results that emerge from a study of the distribution of household wealth undertaken for the UNUWIDER project on Personal Assets from a Global Perspective.
We estimate the level and distribution of wealth across all countries in the world using a comprehensive concept of household wealth. In everyday conversation the term ‘wealth’ often signifies little more than ‘money income’. On other occasions economists interpret the term broadly and define wealth to be the value of all household resources, both human and non-human. Our study assigns wealth its longestablished meaning of net worth: the value of physical and financial assets less debts. In this respect, wealth represents the ownership of capital. Although capital is only one part of personal resources, it is widely believed to have a disproportionate impact on household wellbeing and economic success, and more broadly on economic development and growth.
Our estimates of wealth levels are based on household balance sheets and wealth survey data which are available for 38 countries. Fortunately, these include many of the rich OECD countries as well as the three most populous developing countries, China, India and Indonesia; so the data cover 56% of the world’s population and 80% of household wealth. Careful analysis of the determinants of wealth levels in these countries allows imputations to be made for countries without data.
Our estimates of wealth distribution are based on household asset distribution data for 20 countries. For countries without this type of direct information, the degree of wealth concentration was estimated from income distribution data (where available), using the relationship observed between income and wealth inequality in countries with both kinds of data. The remaining countries, covering only a few percent of world population, were assigned the average wealth distribution pattern for their region and income class.
No use was made of lists of the world’s billionaires, or of the wealthiest individuals and families within various countries, provided by Forbes magazine and other journalistic sources. Incorporating such evidence would boost estimated global wealth inequality somewhat —increasing the share of world wealth held by the top 1% by a couple of percentage points, for example — but would otherwise alter our story little.
Globally, household wealth is more concentrated, both in size distribution and geographically, when official exchange rates are employed rather than PPP valuations. Thus a somewhat different perspective emerges depending on whether one is interested in the power that wealth conveys in terms of local consumption options or the power to have influence on the world financial stage. Since a large share of global wealth is owned by people who can readily travel and invest internationally, it is more appropriate to use official exchange rates when studying the global distribution of wealth than when looking at the global distribution of income or poverty.
Wealth levels across countries
Using official exchange rates, global household wealth in the year 2000 amounted to $125 trillion, equivalent to roughly three times global GDP or to $20,500 per citizen of the world. In terms of purchasing power parity dollars, the corresponding world value was PPP$26,000 per capita, roughly the same as the average level in Poland or Turkey.
As illustrated in the world map (Figure 1), wealth levels vary widely across nations. Among the richest countries, mean wealth was $144,000 per person in the USA and $181,000 in Japan. Lower down among countries with wealth data are India, with per capita assets of $1,100, and Indonesia with $1,400 per capita. Even within the group of high-income OECD nations the range includes $37,000 for New Zealand, $70,000 for Denmark and $127,000 for the UK.
The regional pattern of asset holdings shows wealth to be heavily concentrated in North America, Europe, and high income AsiaPacific countries which together account for almost 90% of global wealth (Figure 2). Although North America has only 6% of the world adult population, it accounts for 34% of household assets. Europe and high income Asia-Pacific countries also own disproportionate amounts of wealth. In contrast, the overall share of wealth owned by people in Africa, China, India, and other lower income countries in Asia is considerably less than their population share, sometimes by a factor of more than ten (Figure 3).
Comparing per capita wealth and per capita GDP across countries shows that wealth is distributed even more unequally than income. High income countries tend have a higher share of world wealth than of world GDP because their wealth to income ratios are above the world average. The reverse is true of middle and low income nations.
Wealth to income ratios are especially high in the UK, Italy, and rich Asian nations. Lower than expected values are recorded for eastern European countries like the Czech Republic and Poland, along with the Nordic countries and South Africa. Eastern European countries are a heterogeneous group with many different features. In this region, private wealth is on the rise, but has still not reached very high levels. Assets like private pensions and life insurance are held by relatively few households. In the Nordic countries, the social security system provides generous public pensions that may depress wealth accumulation. South Africa is rich in resources and has well-developed financial institutions; but the fact that the country has a large low-income population and exhibits some of the characteristics of less-developed countries, may account for the low wealth-income ratio.
Global wealth inequality
Estimation of the world distribution of wealth requires information to be combined on wealth differences between countries and within countries. The concentration of wealth within countries varies significantly, but is generally high. The share of the top decile ranges from around 40% in China to 70% and beyond in the United States and certain other countries. Typical Gini coefficients for wealth lie in the range 0.65-0.75, and some are above 0.8. In contrast, the mid-range of income Ginis is 0.35 to 0.45. Interestingly, two high wealth economies, Japan and the USA, exhibit very different patterns of wealth distribution, with Japan recording a wealth Gini of 0.55 while that of the USA is around 0.80.
Wealth inequality for the world as a whole is higher still. Expressed in terms of the adult population of the world, we estimate that net assets of $2,160 per adult in the year 2000 was sufficient to place a household in the top half of the world wealth distribution. At least $61,000 per adult was needed to belong to the richest 10% of households, while membership of the top 1% required a little over $500,000 per adult. The latter figure indicates that a family need only be moderately wealthy in Western terms to be among the top percentile of world wealth-holders.
Our results show that the top wealth decile owned 85% of global wealth in the year 2000. The richest 2% of adults in the world held more than half global wealth, and the richest 1% of adults alone accounted for 40% of all household assets. In contrast, the bottom half of the world adult population owned barely 1% of global wealth. The Gini value for global wealth is estimated to be 89%; the same Gini value would be obtained if $100 shared amongst 100 people in such a way that one person receives $90 and the remaining 99 get 10 cents each.
North America, Europe, and rich Asia-Pacific monopolize the top wealth decile
Given the high concentration of wealth in North America, Europe, and rich Asia-Pacific countries, it is not surprising to discover that almost all of the world’s richest individuals live in these countries. The breakdown of the global wealth distribution in Figure 4 shows that each of the regional groupings contribute about one third of the members of the world’s wealthiest decile. China occupies much of the the middle third of the global wealth distribution while India, Africa and low-income Asian countries dominate the bottom third. As shown in Figure 3, for all developing regions of the world, the share of population exceeds the share of global wealth, which in turn exceeds the share of members of the wealthiest groups.
The representation of any given nation in the world’s richest 10% depends on three factors: the size of the population, average wealth, and wealth inequality within the country. Countries that account for more than 1% of the top wealth decile comprise a rather exclusive group. Figures 5 and 6 show that the USA is in first place with 25% of the members of the global top decile and 37% of the top percentile. Japan features strongly in second place with 20% of the top decile and 27% of the top percentile.
Differences in wealth composition
Major differences are observed across countries in the composition of asset holdings, a result of different influences on household behaviour, such as market structure, regulation and culture. As indicated in Figure 7, real assets, particularly land and farm assets, are more important in less developed countries. This reflects not only the greater importance of agriculture, but also immature financial institutions.
The types of financial assets that are owned also show striking differences across countries. A breakdown between savings accounts, shares and equities, and other financial assets, shows that savings accounts feature strongly in transition economies and in some rich Asian countries, while share-holdings and other types of financial assets are more evident in rich countries in the West. Part of the explanation is poorly developed financial markets in transition countries, while savings accounts are favoured in Asian countries because there appears to be a strong preference for liquidity and a lack of confidence in financial markets.
Other types of financial assets are more prominent in countries like the UK and USA which have well developed financial sectors and which rely heavily on private pensions.
Finally, and perhaps surprisingly, household debt is relatively unimportant in poor countries. While many poor people in poor countries are in debt, their debts are relatively small in total. This is mainly due to the absence of financial institutions that allow households to incur large mortgage and consumer debts, as is increasingly the situation in rich countries. Many people in high-income countries have negative net worth and—somewhat paradoxically—are among the poorest people in the world in terms of household wealth.
James Davies is a Professor, and the RBC Financial Group Fellow, in the Department of Economics at the University of Western Ontario. He is the Director of the WIDER project on Personal Assets from a Global Perspective.
Susanna SandstrÃļm is a Research Associate at WIDER. She has previously held positions at the Luxemburg Income Study and Statistics Finland.
Anthony Shorrocks is the Director of WIDER and has previously held positions at the LSE and University of Essex.
Edward Wolff is Professor of Economics, New York University, Senior Scholar, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, and Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research.
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